What Are Symptoms Of Autism In Children an Example of the Topic Health Essays by

What Are Symptoms Of Autism In Children by Expert Tracy (PHD) | 26 Jul 2016 There is an unprecedented increase in the number of children diagnosed with autism. This has led those in the medical and scientific community to conduct studies not only to find out the cause and the cure for the disorder but also to detect this disorder at its earliest stage. The efforts of medical professionals in the past have led to the development of standardized screening techniques to detect early signs of autism. Need essay sample on "What Are Symptoms Of Autism In Children" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed However despite the substantial development in the screening techniques, current screening practices reveal that we are far from achieving its maximum potential. A substantial number of children with signs of autism reach the age of three or four years old without being detected and screened. Research on the current literature reveals that the two primary reasons for the failure to conduct developmental screening are: lack of awareness of pediatricians and pediatric nurses of the early signs of autism; and lack of knowledge of the screening tools for autism. The solution to this problem is to adequately arm the pediatricians and pediatric nurses with sufficient knowledge so that they will become aware of the early signs of autism and recommend early intervention techniques to the parents. Autism is a brain disorder that affects a childs ability to develop normal communication skills and social responsiveness to other people.It is currently the most common condition in a group of developmental disorders known as the autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Current research shows that there has been an alarming increase in cases of autism among children. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the disease now affects one in every 150 children born today in the U.S. (One in every 150 U.S. children autistic) In New Jersey, it is estimated that the rate of autism is 1 in 94. About ten years ago, it was 1 in every 500 cases. In view of this information, autism is now considered as the fastest growing developmental disability worse than childhood cancer, juvenile diabetes or pediatric AIDS combined. A child with autism is characterized by three distinctive behaviors otherwise known as the triad of impairments. First impairment is that autistic children experience difficulties in interacting socially with fellow children. Autistic children are aloof and indifferent to people. They are unresponsive and unsociable and have problems fitting in a group. They are also unwilling to look people in the eye. Second impairment is that children with autism have difficulty with verbal and non-verbal communication. Usually, they will not respond even if called by their name. They are also incapable of interpreting what others are thinking and feeling. Third impairment is they have the tendency towards repetitive behavior and have narrowly limited interest. They would often engage in repetitive movements such as rocking and twirling or biting or head-banging. Diagnosis of Autism Before a child can find treatment for autism disorder, it is essential for him to be diagnosed with autism. Detecting autism, however, is very difficult especially when parents who do not pay particular attention to their childs development and may disregard early symptoms of autism. In some cases, parents will notice signs of autism before the child reaches the age of three while in some cases parents will fail to notice it until the child reaches the age of four. This can be attributed to the fact that a child with autism, at first, may not exhibit unusual behavior. He may develop normally at first and then shows autistic traits. However, in some cases, even if parents notice something unusual about their childs behavior and relay their observation to their pediatricians and nurses, the latter may merely dismiss such fears and allay the parents fears to say that the child is just a late bloomer without conducting a more thorough screening or evaluation. (Mary Amoroso) Because of th is neglected child with autism do not get the necessary medical intervention from experts until it is too late to do so. In addition, autism is a complex disorder which requires a comprehensive evaluation and not just a specific test. To confirm whether a child has autism, a multidisciplinary team is needed which includes a psychologist, neurologist, psychiatrist, speech therapist and other professionals. A thorough neurological evaluation and cognitive and language testing must be conducted for the team to rule out other problems such as hearing impairment or delayed speech development. In view of this inherent difficulty, the American Academy of Pediatrics has now taken a proactive role in helping parents detect early signs of autism among children. It now mandates as part of routine pediatric care the monitoring of children for developmental disability including ASD. Routine screening and monitoring of children for developmental disability is being done so that the condition of a child who has autism or other disorder may be detected in advance. Developmental Screening for Autism Developmental screening is defined as the brief, formal evaluation of developmentalskills applied to a total population of children, which is intended to identify those children withsuspect problems who should be referred for a complete diagnostic assessment and the prospective identification of unrecognized disorders by the application of specific tests or examinations. Developmental screening as a required practice in pediatric primary care was formulated in 1999 by a panel comprised of 13 organizations which include the Child Neurology Society, American Academy of Neurology and the National Institutes of Health. The panel formulated the parameter for the screening of and diagnosis of children with autism under a two-level approach. The first level comprises of the routine screening for abnormal development which will be followed by the ASD-specific screening for children who are found positive on the general developmental screening test. The second level screening follows if a chi ld scores positive on the ASD-specific screen or if a child is found to have other abnormalities. The second level screening includes a more thorough screening of the child by determining the childs developmental and health history and neurological assessment and a formal evaluation by a multidisciplinary team of clinicians. Concerns with Current Screening Practices Current Research, however, shows that while screening techniques have improved in the past years, the parameters established by the panel are not being observed by the pediatricians and pediatric nurses. According to a survey, only 50% of pediatricians and nurses conducted routine developmental screening during well-child visits. (Jennifer A. Pinto-Martin 165) In another survey in Australia, only 41% used standardized developmental screening measure and a lot of them used the screening incorrectly. In another study in Virginia, it was reported that 97% of the respondents conducted developmental screening but only 58% used standardized screening. One of the primary reasons for the failure to observe the parameters as established by the panel is that pediatricians and pediatric nurses fail to recognize the early symptoms of ASD. (Study: Pediatricians Overlook Early Signs of Autism Spectrum Disorder) This was the result of the study conducted by Special Abilities, Inc which found that out of a total of 500 respondents, 42 of the pediatricians did not notice any developmental delay in those children who were eventually diagnosed with ASD. Pediatricians failure to recognize the early symptoms of autism can be attributed to the fact that they received minimal information about autism back in medical school. Another reason why developmental screening is not being actively implemented is the lack of knowledge among some pediatricians and pediatric nurses of the use of screening tools. This is confirmed in a study conducted by Johns Hopkins Childrens Center and the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. The results of the study show that of the 255 pediatricians 82% said they regularly conduct screening for general development delays but only 8% conducted screening for ASD. Almost 62% of the respondents admitted that they failed to do so because of lack of familiarity with the screening tools. (Pediatricians Fail to Screen for Autism, Johns Hopkins Study Finds; Most Know Too Little About the Screening Tools) Recommendation/Conclusion Considering the importance of pediatricians and pediatric nurses in the early detection of children with autism, it is suggested that the following actions be undertaken: conduct full training among the pediatric nurses to improve their knowledge of the early signs of autism; train the pediatric nurses in the use of developmental screening tools; practice pediatric nurses in the use of the developmental screening tools for them to gain sufficient familiarity with the use of these tools. Reference: Amoroso, Mary. Pediatricians Getting a Needed Nudge on Autism. "The Record" (Bergen County, NJ). 2001. 3 Feb. 2009. Complete Human Diseases and Conditions. Gale Group. 2008. 4 Feb. 2009 One in every 150 U.S. children autistic News-Medical.net. Retrieved 3 February 2009 - http://www.news-medical.net/news/2007/02/12/21836.aspx Pediatricians Fail to Screen for Autism, Johns Hopkins Study Finds; Most Know Too Little About the Screening Tools AScribe Health News Service. AScribe. 2006. 3 Feb. 2009 Pinto-Martin, Jennifer A. The Role of Nursing in Screening for Autistic Spectrum Disorder in Pediatric Primary Care. 2005. 3 February 2009. Study: Pediatricians Overlook Early Signs of Autism Spectrum Disorder PR Newswire. PR Newswire Association LLC. 2005. 3 Feb. 2009

Talking Writing, Music and Editing with Tom Flood

Talking Writing, Music and Editing with Tom Flood Talking Writing, Music and Editing with Tom Flood Tom Flood helped us refine Reedsy from our earliest days. Now we want to share his amazing story. From songwriting to novels and finally manuscript editing, Tom has honed his knowledge of the writing craft over the years, and contributes today to our (aspirationally) literary blog.In one of our most in-depth interviews so far, what started as a conversation about Tom’s agency Flood Manuscripts moved on to cover his work as an editor, a writer, and an independent musician.Tom analyses the oft-invoked parallel between book and music publishing and what the future holds for both these industries. He also shares his own experience as a writer - he made this great observation about identifying oneself as a writer:â€Å"When people ask, ‘What do you do?’ and I answer, ‘Writer, editor, musician,’ the next question is invariably ‘Oh, what do you play?’ Writing is both less and more mysterious. Nearly everyone writes, so it engenders the second q uestion ‘What do you write?’ way less often. The more revealing ‘How do you write like that?’ comes rarely. People think skill in musicianship comes with practice and dexterity, but skill in creative writing? Like art, they believe it’s a gift. The reality is they’re the same.†His tripartite career gives Tom a unique lens through which to see what’s happening right now in the new world of publishing. His advice to writers is both practical / motivating - persevere, keep going - and informed by years of experience editing self-published authors.Hi Tom, you have an impressive portfolio and experience in writing, editing and proofreading. Which one came first in your career? In other words, what made you become an editor?Thanks, Ricardo. I came to editing via writing. I have always been a songwriter but in the 80s, buoyed by a boom of new Australian fiction engendered by the infrastructure built by the short-lived, ground-breaking Le ft government of the 70s, I began to try my pen at short stories, got one published in a short-lived journal, and finding that slow going, switched to the big picture of the novel. The success of that move (three national awards) led to connections in the world of publishing and I began occasional award judging, assessment through our major residential writers’ centre, and some editing for publishers throughout the 90s, also being commissioned to write a theatre piece and a feature film. That all petered out as I moved back towards music performance and had a stab at academia.In 2003, with a string of part-time jobs, and looking to find new income streams, I began working through the net for a few large assessment/appraisal services in other states, a relatively new industry, reading and advising across a wide range of prose writing. A year later my artist partner suggested I start my own to fund living through a PhD, and a writing client created the first Flood Manuscripts w ebsite. Within a year it was full-time assessment and clients began to ask if I would mentor them, act as agent, ghostwriter and all manner of services I had no intention of taking up. Dumping the doctorate to ride the growing self-pub wave with Flood Manuscripts, the next step was mentoring, structural editing and copy editing, and finally proofreading, as Aussie writers began to become impatient with the trade publishers and adept at dealing with the digital, their needs evolving. I keep the service personal, despite many suggestions to expand into an agency, because I like to be at the coalface.You have also both won and been a judge to major writing awards in Australia, how did that start, and what do these awards represent for you as an author? (Is that just a nice acknowledgement of your craft or something you’re genuinely proud of?)Awards! Without them Flood Manuscripts wouldn’t exist. Despite both parents writing pretty successfully (my mother, Dorothy Hewett, was a well-known poet and playwright), neither had published with a mainstream press. I made my name in fiction by winning our premier manuscript award, the prize including publication by Allen Unwin, and that novel then took out more awards, including our oldest and best known fiction prize, the Miles Franklin Award. Everything else I have been lucky enough to be involved with has stemmed from those awards. Flood Manuscripts’ clients have since taken out even more awards, mostly international, and yes, I’m very proud to be a small part of that.We are in London, and most of our audience is in the US. But you live in Australia, so can you tell us how the publishing landscape looks like over there? How â€Å"big† are ebooks and self-publishing?I think we’re trailing a decade behind USA in some aspects, particularly genre, as we are a small market and still retain a certain English literariness in our publishing landscape, largely fed by our tertiary educat ion system. That said, we were and still are ahead in acceptance of manuscript assessment /appraisal as an essential part of that landscape. Once convinced, Australians do have a fast technology take-up and self-pub is really developing into a snowball.Has the â€Å"digital revolution† truly changed your career, or do you feel you continue working with authors more or less like you did before?Flood Manuscripts is a child of the digital ‘revolution’. 98% of my work is sourced, contracted, paid and completed via the net. That has grown from about 70% over a decade. I’m receiving around one paper manuscript a year. I prefer to read and edit digitally for work, although I still like to read paper for pleasure. I like the ancient craft of bookbinding. It will be a shame if we lose that art form to the economics of the trade.Songwriting, though, has not changed for me. The pen is still mighty, the pencil mightier, and scraps of waste paper litter the study on ev ery surface. With the novel, I began handwriting it in ‘85, moved to a borrowed typewriter, then a borrowed word processor, and finally finished the last drafts on a redundant computer with bootlegged software (WordStar) from my partner’s work place. I was over 30, on the dole, and on the rebound from an art pop band in Sydney. I don’t think I actually got on the net until 2003.This is a traditional question in our interviews: does working directly with an author (indie or hybrid) make it easier or harder for you? Does the absence of a traditional publishing structure change the way you communicate with the author?Except in the early days before Flood Manuscripts, I’ve almost always worked directly with authors. I don’t court the trade publishers because there are so few here and they don’t outsource much anyway. How it continues to change is in the speed, volume and creativity of new digital ventures and what they offer to litworkers. As an assessor, keeping up with even a small part of that change is a challenge.You are also a musician, singer and songwriter in the acoustic trio Blues Angels. The music industry and the publishing one are often compared, many people proclaiming that what happened in music will happen to books. What’s your opinion on that?Conventional wisdom has had the popular music evolution in four phases: 1) sign with a big label; 2) music publishers make big money from big musicians and use some of those profits to develop new talent; 3) big musicians realise they’re leaving money on the table and set up their own labels (self-publishing), resulting in music publishers dwindling and new musicians having no corporate sponsorship; 4) digi-platforms like iTunes do the same as Amazon/KDP/Kindle and new musicians go direct to consumers (less 30%), but there is new pressure to discount or give away material for free; and we can now add phase 5) big musicians realise how much money they are leaving on the distributors’ table and abandon digital platforms (Taylor Swift/Spotify, Radiohead /iTunes). New musicians have no sponsor, make no money from Spotify and can’t sell on iTunes without a massive marketing spend.The book trade significantly differs to music in that it doesn’t have a regular large performance aspect, although writers are often performers at festivals, schools, readings, etc., and libraries aren’t really a power in the same way in the music trade, although ideas like Self-E and the digital library may significantly endanger lending rights payments in the pursuit of ‘going viral’. It’s not a matter of ‘will happen’; it already has, at least to level 4. Writing, like music, has gone digital and that digital product is being given away in the millions to create traction towards a fame of sorts and is being streamed, not quite like Spotify et al, through Kindle Owners Lending Library, but podcasting and YouTube are pushing text more into performance re audiobooks, book trailers, and even as the music industry has been digitally driven back towards the single as its principal product, so Kindle Shorts, blogging, social media publishing and other developments continue to drive fiction back towards the heyday of shorter forms. Will this be a boon to poetry? It should be, but I haven’t seen a Shorts- or YouTube-based boom in verse, though it’s early days yet. I do see bundling going on in either form by both indies and trade, both live and product-based, and I expect we’ll see even more specific-subject social media appearing, like mootis, a Twitter for legals, and new models for crowdfunding, like Patreon.This is the big picture, but as with BluesAngels, who don’t operate in the world of popular music, we do our gigs and small festivals, make our recordings and sell our music at those live gigs, then rinse and repeat. Sure, we’ve put it up digit ally on iTunes and Spotify, but we don’t expect to compete with the pop forms; we don’t have that kind of money. So far we’ve made eight cents from streaming. Indie authors can and do still exist at this same level. I have a long term client with Flood Manuscripts who self-pubbed a hardback verse novel, offset printed, and took it on the road to sell – door to door! He’s sold 15,000 over a number of years, making him a best seller in Australian poetry, and funded an audio CD, but he doesn’t register on Bookscan, nor have the poetry awards or Amazon ever heard of him.A hard question now: do you prefer being an author, and editor or a musician? Where do you feel you have more creative freedom?The last one was hard. Creative freedom might just be a curse to some. Many artists prefer a given structure within which to work, although I’m not one of them. Some like to push the boundaries of form, others to innovate within those boundaries, a nd others prefer to capitalise on proven market structures. Creative freedom is not a term I think about or relate to, perhaps because I have it? Perhaps not: like writers’ block, I don’t think you can pin down what it is. As to author, editor, musician, all three can be personally satisfying.Some say that certain media are better than others to express a particular message. Do you think music allows you to express some things that you cannot in writing, and vice-versa?As an aural form based on sound, not words, and not limited by language, only taste, music is probably capable of appealing more indefinably to the emotions, but I’m a songster, so for me it’s a vehicle to carry fewer words more urgently to the audience, kinda like poetry, but it can and does operate differently. Unlike writing, there are also visible tools, and people do appreciate visible, live craft. When people ask, ‘What do you do?’ and I answer, ‘Writer, editor, mus ician,’ the next question is invariably ‘Oh, what do you play?’ Writing is both less and more mysterious. Nearly everyone writes, so it engenders the second question ‘What do you write?’ way less often. The more revealing ‘How do you write like that?’ comes rarely. People think skill in musicianship comes with practice and dexterity, but skill in creative writing? Like art, they believe it’s a gift. The reality is they’re the same.Finally, if you had one word of advice for authors (mainstream, indie, hybrid) in 2015, what would it be?I’m a novelist! Even tweets give us more than one word, but when it comes to publishing, I shuffle between ‘Persevere’ and ‘Quit’, but ‘Time Management’ may be two words worth contemplating. Things are both worse and better for authors than at any time in the history of printing, but the history of authors is millennia older. What we’re seein g today is the very rapid furthering of the democratisation of publishing. Making money is a relatively new notion in that history. What is an author? A writer: or a writer who is published? With the rise of self-pub, ‘is published’ is changing to ‘has published’, from passive to active, but an author is simply an originator. So my advice to authors, as always, is mundane; if you enjoy writing, keep learning by reading and doing, and you will be constantly challenged to go further. It is principally a vocation. If you want to become a publisher, you’re back to square one – an ingà ©nue - set out to learn your new set of jobs thoroughly, and keep learning and doing.Thanks a lot for your time, Tom, and for sharing these fantastic insights with us.Thanks, Ricardo, for this opportunity, and thanks to the Reedsy crew for authoring this quality new service.Follow Flood Manuscripts and Reedsy on Facebook!What do you think about Tom’s story? A re we right in drawing parallels between the book and music industries? What fundamental differences do you see, and what’s the future going to look like? Leave us your thoughts, along with any question for Tom, in the comments below.

Bodies as a Site of Productions and Commodification Essay

Bodies as a Site of Productions and Commodification - Essay Example The loveliness and magnificence of different organs of a body capture the eyes and hearts of the viewers, and they find marvelous physical appeal in the same to love and adore the person(s) carrying these charms, in accordance with their choices, tastes and standards of beauty. Therefore, Baudrillard (1998) has declared human body as the finest commodity available in the market, which outshines all other products and merchandise existing in the corporate environment in general because of its dazzling stand out, unique characteristics and natural ecstasy. In addition, various parts of human body are also used and employed for medical and research purposes, which turn out to be highly beneficial for discovering new realities about human body and its attributes and characteristics, paving the way towards discovering new formulae, techniques and devices for the complete convalescence of the people suffering from various ailments and diseases. The people also allow granting various parts of their bodies including eyes, kidney, liver, blood and semen for commercial benefits on the one hand, and as donation to the blind, ill and issueless individuals on the other. The credit goes to technological advancements, which have wide opened the new avenues of transplanting various body organs from one person to the other in a successful and skilled manner. However, contemporary biotechnological developments are accompanied by the fear that commodification of human tissue and DNA will lead to exploitation of dignity and integrity of innocent individuals. Ethical principles and historical traditions can constitute powerful arguments against direct commodification of the human body (Rendtorff, 2000: 57-58). Thus, human body and its different organs can be utilized during man’s life-time as well as after his departure from the world. The significance of human body can be explored in several different viewpoints. On the one hand, the people also develop love and affection f or the innocent countenances the little children carry, and compare them to the angels in respect of simplicity, innocence and tenderness; and on the other hand, the changing physical appearances of the teenagers and adults is taken as a gorgeous source of obtaining sexual gratification and satisfying their carnal desires as well. Langlois et al. (2000) are of the opinion that it is the male for whom attractiveness and showiness is more important in comparison with female. It is partly due to the very fact that female body looks far more alluring because of its flexibility, bewitching organs and softness that tempts the male to conquer the same either permanently or for the time being. In humans, because attractiveness is especially important as an indicator of reproductive fitness in women, the reliability of attractiveness ratings should be higher when judging females than when judging males, especially as evaluated by male perceivers (Jackson, 1992). However, the stoutness and ha iriness of male body fascinates the females as well as effeminate males, which long for their company and romance or sexual union with them. Consequently, the naked bodies of both men and women have been being carved, painted, drawn out and engraved for centuries since

Survey discussion board 4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Survey discussion board 4 - Essay Example by Kim, it was revealed that outsourcing is actually opted as a viable strategy to achieve the following benefits: â€Å"(1) lowering of costs for the outsourcing party, (2) compensation for lack of internal expertise, (3) freeing of managerial and governing personnel to focus on their core competencies and high level issues, and (4) availability of best-in-class practices and the latest technology† (Kim 1). However, the legal issues that need to be taken into account by the outsourcing organization inlcude addressing the terms of the outsourcing agreement (which should clearly and explicitly stipulate the services that are to be provided, the warranties, any disclaimers, and addressing unforeseen events), ownership concerns, privacy and confidentiality issues, jurisdicational concerns particularly affecting the countries where the organization intends to outsource the identified tasks, termination concerns on the agreement, and finally, statutory concerns (Kim). From here, it could be deduced that the outsourcing organization need to prepare additional resources to cater to legal costs that require the preparation of legal documents, as well as the need to address any impending legal concerns that would results from outsourcing. One of the ethical and moral concerns that face the outsourcing organization is addressing the 120 people in South Carolina center that would be displaced, retrenched or simply loses their jobs. As employer, the organization has ethical and moral obligations to ensure that appropriate labor laws are observed and applied to the best interests, not only of the new client, but more so, of the affected employees and the organization, as a whole. Other moral and ethical implications include the need to ensure that the services to be provided are at par with those provided by the South Carolina center but was justified by the lower costs of labor; that the cultural disparities are appropriately addressed, including any language or

Errol John and his work of "Moon on A Rainbow" Research Paper

Errol John and his work of "Moon on A Rainbow" - Research Paper Example Kenneth Tyran was aware about what happens in in theatre, in the year 1957, frustrations due to lack for sharp new writing, he went on to convince the observer that a play completion be launched. Moon on a Rainbow Shawl, by Errol John got the first prize, however, in spite of Joh’s play’s fresh force, John had struggle to get the play staged. It happens to be a shame that such talent could be overlooked as well as statement to the Nation that fifty years on, a stage for suitable stature for such a vibrant as well as subtle play has been found (Billington). Errol John, born in the year 1921 in Trinidad was a journalist before he moved to England in the year 1951 to look for a job in the theatre. Errol appeared in several productions in London stage. One of the well-known ones is in the Old Vic Theatre by the ear 1962, in the part of Othello. John made a number of appearances in film and television productions as well, although he played comparatively minor black characters that included the 1953 Heart of the Metter, the 1952 African Queen and the 1955 Simba, while head key starring roles within the BBC series such as the 1956 A man from the Sun as well as the 1967 Rainbow city. The themes of Moon in a Rainbow Shawl, which are now regarded as canonical work for black theatre, happen to be currently relevant with the play’s depiction for immigration, aspirations of the post war community that lives in poverty as well as the struggles that the African diaspora faces (Erdinch). Set in a Spanish Port, Trinidad, the play opens up on some hot, late evening within a yard of two decrepit buildings. Ephraim happens to be returning from job where he works as a bus driver, as he and Esther Adams are having a conversation. Esther, who is a quite intelligent as well as studious girl is discussing the manner in which it is not possible for her family afford school fees for her education. Secretly, Ephraim is envious of her youth as well as her opportunity to create a

The Prevention Of Diarrhea Health And Social Care Essay

The Prevention Of Diarrhea Health And Social Care Essay Diarrhea is one of the most perennial health problem  causing both morbidity and mortality worldwide in children especially among developing nations. The vast majority of deaths worldwide from diarrhea (2-3 million deaths per year) are from young children in developing countries. The United States have 220,000 children younger than 5 years old that are hospitalized each year with diarrhea comprising approximately 9% of all hospitalization in this age group. Diarrhea incidence in children younger than3 years of age has been estimated to be 1.3 to 2.3 episodes per child per year. The incidence rate in children attending day care centers are higher. More than US$ 2 billion are spent yearly as direct cost of hospitalization and outpatient care [1]. Despite advances in treatment and diagnostics, recurrence of cases and epidemics surface from time to time from different parts of the world. The problem seem to be not just of diagnostics and treatment but more so with the basic preventive aspect of diarrhea among children. The promotive and preventive role of handwashing in diarrheal cases can not be overemphasized. Its cost effectiveness, relative ease of application and implementation are evidence- based and makes a lot of economic and healthful sense considering the cost related to hospitalization and out patient care of diarrheal cases. II. Objectives: Establish causal relation between handwashing and occur- rence of diarrhea among children. Highlight the key role of handwashing for health promotion and prevention of diarrhea among children Provide recommendations relating to the legal, ethical and health policy implication of handwashing for the prevention of diarrhea among   children. III. Methodology Literature search was done from scholarly published materials to meet the objectives of this seminar discussion. The subject of the research is limited to children aged 0-12 years old. IV. Discussion    Evidences of clinical benefit of handwashing/hand hygiene dates back from Semmelweis (1818-1865). While working in the General Hospital of Vienna, he demonstrated that puerperal fever was a contagious disesase caused by infectious organism which was spread from patient to patient via the hands of health care workers (HCW) [9]. A hundred years later another key observation by Rammelkamp and his co-worker who demonstrated that direct contact was the main mode of transmission of Staphylococcus aureus among neonates in the nursery [3]. The same controlled study done by Rammelkamp and co- workers demonstrated that handwashing between patient contacts reduced levels of S. aureus acquisition to the low levels resulting from airborne transmission. The EPIC Systematic Review in 2001 showed that liquid (even non-medicated) soap and water will effectively decontaminate hands but 70% alcohol or an alcohol based antiseptic hand rub provides the most effective decontamination for a wide variety of organisms (S. aureus, Pseudomonas aeroginosa, Klebsiella, Clostridium difficile and rotavirus). A review of published literature from 1879 through 1986 consisting of 423 articles and spanning 107 years demonstrated that except for specificity, all the elements of causality, including temporality, strength, plausibility, consistency of association and dose response were present. As concluded, the emphasis on handwashing as a primary infection control measure has not been misplaced and should continue [6]. Studies specifically linking handwashing to prevent diarrhea in children was conducted in different countries in various care settings. A study comparing 2 day care centers with handwashing program (HWC) and 2 control centers (CC) showed that incidence of diarrhea in HWC began to fall (after the program was begun) and after the second month of the study was consistently lower than the CC. The incidence of diarrhea in HWC was approximately half that of the CC for the entire 35-week study period [1]. In a randomized controlled trial in a high risk community in Pakistan where diarrhea is a leading cause of child death, an improvement in handwashing in the household reduced the incidence of diarrhea among children at high risk of death from the same cause. Children living in households that received handwashing promotion and plain soap had a 53% lower incidence of diarrhea compared to children in the control population. Infants in households that received handwashing promotion and plain soap had 39% fewer days with diarrhea vs infants living in control neighborhoods. Severely malnourished children younger than 5 years in the intervention group had 42% fewer days with diarrhea vs severely malnourished children in control group. Similar reductions in diarrhea were observed among children living in households receiving antibacterial soap[5]. A systematic review with random effects meta-analysis by Curtis and Cairncross showed data sources which are studies linking handwashing with diarrheal diseases. Of which were seven intervention studies, six case control, two cross sectional and two cohort studies. Results showed that washing hands with soap can reduce the risk of diarrheal disease by 42-47% and interventions to promote handwashing might save a million lives[2]. A clinical advisory from the CDC[7] and Mayo Clinic[8] stated that handwashing is the easiest, simplest to do and most effective way to stay healthy and to prevent spread of infection and illness in all settings. For the specific purpose of this discussion, among children in various care settings, in home, day care, school and neighborhoods. Clean hands can stop germs from spreading from one child to another and even entire communities. The potential ways of dealing with this situation includes education, development, implementation and enforcement of regulations and use of infection control and for this particular case, handwashing. V. Summary, Conclusions, Recommendations The preponderance of evidence from studies spanning hundreds of years effectively establish the practice of handwashing as evidence-based not only for prevention of diarrhea among children but even as primary infection control in the transmission of nosocomial infections. Handwashing, being the simplest, most health promotive and effective primary infection control for the prevention of diarrhea among children can not be overemphasized in the light of economic cost, sick days and lives lost attributable to diarrhea. It is therefore recommended that advocacy for handwashing in terms of educating involved individuals, caregivers, families and children themselves should be given top priority. This should come in a form of tri-media campaign in schools, workplaces, communities, homes, etc. Handwashing programs should be implemented and even enforcement of strict regulations or legislations might as well be in place if needed be.

ancestry: roots :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The experiment calls for us to trace our ancestry in any manner possible and trace where we as an ethnicity came from. I decided to concentrate on my mothers’ side of the family because it is more interesting and something other members in my family have already started to investigate. I choose not to concentrate on my fathers’ side because being Mexican is the general term people associate me with. I wanted to elaborate on the other part of my culture, being Native American.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  From the stories my great grandmother told my mother back in the day, we have always known that we were Native American Indians. When my mother was told these stories it was not that big of a deal to be Indian, therefore she did not pay much attention to detail. After my great grandfather died, we found out his brother was receiving benefits from certain Indian tribes and was entitled to land. This information made my mother and her siblings start to question their original background in specific detail. When they contacted their uncle he had no information for them and told them that he would not share how he was able to receive benefits. He told my aunt that he wanted the family to work hard and not accept free money. My aunt explained that she just wanted to know about her father, who was deceased by now, so my great uncle shared some stories with her.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  We found out that my great grandfather was from the Mascalero-Apache tribe in New Mexico. He was born in New Mexico, Katilino Quivas, in the late 1890’s. He was kicked out of his own tribe for marrying my great grandmother, who was from a different tribe. Some people in my family say that he was the chief of the tribe, so then did he kick himself out? We are not sure if that is true and are trying to find literature on the notion. What we do know is that he changed his last name from Quivas to Beltran. At that time there was a lot of segregation and hostility towards Indians. His brother notes that it was better to be considered Mexican than Indian at the time, for Indians were lower than Blacks. They concealed their Native American background and hid the fact that they were from a tribe. Katilino Beltran then joined the army and fought in World War I. ancestry: roots :: essays research papers   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The experiment calls for us to trace our ancestry in any manner possible and trace where we as an ethnicity came from. I decided to concentrate on my mothers’ side of the family because it is more interesting and something other members in my family have already started to investigate. I choose not to concentrate on my fathers’ side because being Mexican is the general term people associate me with. I wanted to elaborate on the other part of my culture, being Native American.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  From the stories my great grandmother told my mother back in the day, we have always known that we were Native American Indians. When my mother was told these stories it was not that big of a deal to be Indian, therefore she did not pay much attention to detail. After my great grandfather died, we found out his brother was receiving benefits from certain Indian tribes and was entitled to land. This information made my mother and her siblings start to question their original background in specific detail. When they contacted their uncle he had no information for them and told them that he would not share how he was able to receive benefits. He told my aunt that he wanted the family to work hard and not accept free money. My aunt explained that she just wanted to know about her father, who was deceased by now, so my great uncle shared some stories with her.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  We found out that my great grandfather was from the Mascalero-Apache tribe in New Mexico. He was born in New Mexico, Katilino Quivas, in the late 1890’s. He was kicked out of his own tribe for marrying my great grandmother, who was from a different tribe. Some people in my family say that he was the chief of the tribe, so then did he kick himself out? We are not sure if that is true and are trying to find literature on the notion. What we do know is that he changed his last name from Quivas to Beltran. At that time there was a lot of segregation and hostility towards Indians. His brother notes that it was better to be considered Mexican than Indian at the time, for Indians were lower than Blacks. They concealed their Native American background and hid the fact that they were from a tribe. Katilino Beltran then joined the army and fought in World War I.

A Library Paper on the Effects of Excessive Production of Nurses

The Philippines, according to recent news, has currently a high  unemployment and underemployment rate of Filipino nurses. One of the reasons behind this is the overproduction of nurses by Philippine Nursing Schools Overproduction nurses in the country still persists from approximately 350 schools (personal communication,  Philippine Nurses Association, 2005). It was reported (Klein, 2003) that the country produces more than  9,000 nurses annually, 5,000-7,000 of whom become licensed. Da Prat, 2005) Another cause is the decreasing demand for  Filipino nurses in the United States and other countries. About four years ago, Nursing became an in demand profession abroad for Filipinos after various countries allowed immigrants to work and to have other immigration opportunities. It was then that an overwhelming number of students became enthralled by this high salary and decided to get a degree in Nursing. Eventually,  entrepreneurs took advantage of this increased demand to est ablish nursing schools due to the growing number of students who want to earn a degree in nursing.Apparently, not all the nursing schools offer quality-nursing education. This, too, affected the chances of the students to be employed. Moreover, the passing rate of the PRC nursing board examinations has significantly declined  for the last ten years, despite the increasing numbers of nursing graduates. (Hernandez, 2008) The proponents of the research have identified two categories that influence the overproduction of nurses, the intrinsic and extrinsic.The intrinsic factors include the interests of the students, and migration, whereas the peer pressure, and parental influence fall under extrinsic. The first intrinsic factor that influences the overproduction of nurses is the student’s interest. Personal interest is a feeling or emotion of a person that causes attention to focus on an object or an event or a process. (Encarta Dictionaries 2008) In this study, it denotes on th e students’ way of selecting a particular degree when they will be in college that involves their primary attention and concentration.The college choice process has been defined as a funnel that progressively narrows the pool of students who consider attending higher education and finally resolves where they will attend (Litton, 1982; Hossler & Gallagher, 1987). Bateman and Spruill (1996) assert that the college choice process is ongoing, continuing throughout a student’s undergraduate career and beyond. Understanding why and where students initially choose to attend college is not only important in and of it, but may also be critical in understanding students’ continuing decisions about college attendance. Bateman and Spruill, 1996) Student’s aspirations of becoming a nurse have rooted from the following factors. First, they believe that nursing offers many job opportunities. Some of the career options that are available to nurses include home health care, volunteer opportunities, legal work, doctor’s office work, pediatric nursing, acute care nursing, surgical nursing, etc. , and they can even have additional training to become Nurse Practitioners, Nurse Midwives, and Nurse Anesthetists. Blanche, 2010) Second, it could offer them high salary and lots of benefits. According to Dr. Jaime-Galvez Tan of the University of the Philippines, wanting to earn and have a better life are the common reasons why registered nurses want to move to America, where the salary is $4,000 dollars a month compared to $180 to $220 per month in the Philippines. (Petrun, 2007) Lastly, Nursing is the field of interest and ambition of some students. Doctors may be the head of the operation in some cases but the nurses are the heart and soul.According to Professor Adelani Ogunrinade, the National University of Lesotho Vice-Chancellor, Nursing is a noble profession that requires dedication, compassion, love and care to patients. Another intrinsic el ement is migration. The developed countries have experienced chronic nursing shortages due to different factors, which include aging baby boomers and the lack of interest of its citizens to take up nursing. As a result, they recruit nurses from developing countries. Globalization and the General Agreement on Trade and Services (GATS) further promote this phenomenon to the developed nation’s advantage.To entice professionals to their countries, they offer benefits that include higher salaries, better working conditions and more career opportunities. The low wages, poor working conditions, and poor economic and political situations further drive Filipinos away from their country. These have led to mass migration of nurses, which is a phenomenon unique to the Philippines. Furthermore, the reasons for the migration of the professionals are a combination of â€Å"push† and â€Å"pull† factors. Push factors relate to exporting countries like the Philippines, while pul l factors are to importing countries.The main â€Å"push† factor that motivates workers to go abroad is low salaries and poor employment conditions in the source countries, whereas the higher salaries offered, the immigrants status incentive and more career development opportunities are the ones considered as â€Å"pull† factors. To a particular extent, there is a mirror image of push and pull factors which pertain to the relative payment of pay, career opportunities, working conditions and working environment of the source and destination countries (Buchan et al, 2003).However, there are also some extrinsic factors that may contribute to the overproduction of nurses. First of which is peer pressure. Peer pressure is defined as the influence of a social group, which is considered as a person’s equal in such as respect, age, education and social class. (Encarta Dictionaries 2008) In this study, it refers to the persons or significant others that can manipulate th e decision-making of the nursing students. Moreover, parent’s influence is also categorized under extrinsic factors. It is defined as the parent’s chance or ability to choose for their children (Encarta Dictionaries 2008).In this study, it refers to the capacity of the parents that can control the respondent’s decision to what degree to take in college. One consistent finding in research suggests that adolescents’ own aspirations are influenced by their parents’ aspirations or expectations for them. When adolescents perceive their parents to have high educational expectations for them, adolescents are likely to have higher aspirations for themselves. A 1998 Sylvan Learning Center report indicates that parents’ and children’s views about career aspirations are more compatible than incompatible.Parents are influential figures with whom, whether intentionally or unintentionally, children become aware of and get exposed to occupations or career opportunities and implied expectations. (Taylor et al, 2004) Other studies have separately examined the influences of each parent on the career choices of their sons or daughters and have found that mothers tend to have more influence on the career decisions/aspirations of their children than fathers. For instance, Mickelson and Velasco (1998) cited their interviews conducted with 70 young adults in 1986.They found that mothers were the most influential and that daughters’ occupational aspirations were often similar to their mothers’ chosen professions (Mickelson and Velasco, 1998). In similar studies, students were asked items such as, â€Å"What do you want to do with your life? † and to indicate if they agree or disagree with statements such as â€Å"My mother (father) encouraged me to make my own decisions. † The students’ responses were similar to those of their parents. These studies also found that students wanted to discuss career pl anning primarily with their mothers.Overall, research supports the influence of parental expectations and aspirations on the career decisions and aspirations of their children. These expectations lay a foundation for parents’ behaviors and interactions with their children, which then indirectly or directly influence choices they make in the future (Taylor et al, 2004). Different problems have surfaced due to overproduction of nurses. The unemployment and underemployment of nurses in the Philippines are not only caused by the diminishing demands of foreign countries, but also caused by the overproduction of nurses by different nursing schools.The profession is confronted with serious problems, notably the lack of employment possibilities, positions lower than the applicants’ professional qualifications, inadequate wages and poor working conditions. These are real problems as evidenced by the Philippine Nursing Compensation Survey commissioned by the Philippine Nurses As sociation (PNA) in the year 2009. Our economy is unable to absorb the large number of new entrants into the labor market each year. It is particularly difficult for young workers to find employment, and even more difficult for them to find well-paid, secure and safe jobs.Data from the PRC showed around 400,000 licensed nurses are not gainfully employed and an estimated 80,000 new nurses join their ranks each year. Furthermore, due to unavailability of hospital jobs, nurses, whether waiting for immigrant visa or not; whether newly registered or not, find other sources of income or jobs unrelated to nursing. The Philippine Overseas Employment Administration, in a report, showed only 10,000 nurses are able to work in foreign countries while others become underemployed or are working in jobs not related to their profession.In the year 2008, there were high rates of unemployment and underemployment in the Philippines due to overproduction and the declining demand for nurses in the United States. Nursing became an in-demand profession among Filipinos because of work opportunities and immigration overseas. With that, nursing schools in the Philippines increased in number. However, not all provide quality education for the students. The passing rate of PRC nursing licensure examination was decreased for the last 10 years. As a result, the Philippine Nurses Association (PNA) reiterated the need of focusing in the quality of education instead of commercializing it.Table 1. 1 shows the results of Philippine Nursing Board Exam from year 1997 up to year 2008. According to the data, the number of passers is considered also as the number of registered nurses in the Philippines for the last 12 years. With this number of registered nurses in the country, unemployment and underemployment are progressing up to the present. Table 1. 1 Aside from the given data, Department of Labor and Employment (DOLE) and Board of Nursing (BON) made a review of the statistics from the year 1952 to 2008 the country has licensed 480,992 Filipino nurses out of 523,272 who actually passed the nursing licensure examination.Reflected in National Statistics Office and Labor Force Survey, the total number of Filipino nurses employed between October 2001 and 2007 were 58,000, which represented only 3. 86% of the total 1. 5 million employed professional workers. Based on the data, it can be concluded that there were more unemployed and/or underemployed nurses during the year 2001 to 2007. Furthermore, there were also unemployment and underemployment as a result of the retrogression of the United Sates visa and the change of policy in the United Kingdom in the year 2006.Governor Leah Primitiva Samaco-Paquiz, the PNA National Capital Region Zone II National President,  explained in an interview that â€Å"in the US alone, the quota for visas has been filled up resulting in delayed processing of visas with current efforts focused on 2006 accepted applicants, while the domestic marke t is now oversaturated with nursing pools in major hospitals as high as 1500 and with employment waiting times ranging from six to 12 months. † Nursing pools refers to those who were considered by the hospital employers but waiting to be officially employed.She also stated that the current nursing employment market is a buyer’s market that allows current employers to be highly selective and where the quality of a vast number of job seekers is very closely scrutinized. In the recent report of the Professional Regulation Commission (PRC) last July 2010, they updated that there were 187,000 unemployed nurses in the country today. According to them, nurses cannot find jobs because there are no vacancies in the hospitals. Lack of experiences also prevents them in seeking for jobs especially when they planned to go abroad.As a result, Filipino nurses ended up as underemployed, and even grab jobs with low salary. For the PRC, this is a waste of manpower if the government still allows nurses to be working abroad as caregivers and nursing assistants. Many students still want to earn a degree in nursing despite the fact that there is an evident high unemployment and underemployment rate in the country. Even nursing schools are increasing in number, without taking appropriate measures to ensure the right quality of education for the students. The following factors, therefore, are necessary in order to alleviate the overproduction of nurses.The government plays a big role in alleviating the number of nurses produced every year, thus helping our economy to improve and progress. It has a vital part in providing available jobs for future professionals. And when it comes to overproduction of nurses, the Philippine government is necessary to control the existing problem. The government should know and investigate on each of the nursing schools in the Philippines if they are to produce competent nursing professionals, made visible by passing the NLE (Nursing Licens ure Examinations).If the school is not capable of doing so, it would be better if they advise it to close. As of now, it was reported that the Commission on Higher Education (CHED) would be closing 177 nursing schools in the country. (Nieva, 2008). It would also be better if the government would impose additional subjects in the nursing curriculum and increase practicum hours for nursing students. The government agency made this move to ensure the quality of Filipino nurses making them more competitive to the global arena. And most importantly, the government should allot more funds for health services, to accommodate nurses (Alave, 2008).Not only should the growing unemployment rate be addressed but also the salary rate as well. Nurses are professionals but they cannot work unless they volunteer or pay a hospital a huge sum of money just to be trained. Then if they even get absorbed, the pay is just pesos away from the minimum limit. Moreover, nurses are not just professionals, the y save lives. They should be treated with respect and be properly compensated like every other profession here in the Philippines. Furthermore, the family also affects the decision of students in making choices in life. Lorentzen, 2008) One of the decisions they make is centered on their future career in life. Since family members are the people most often encountered by the students, then it is a big factor to consider. Family, specifically the parents should support and know what their children want to be in the future, and where they extremely do well in order to have a more secured future. Filipinos, nowadays think that taking up Nursing is an easy and fast access to a better life. And so, parents are forcing their children to take up nursing, finding themselves in the end underemployed, and perhaps, unemployed.Each Family should wake up to the reality that being a nurse is not just a profession; it’s more of a vocation, and compassion in rendering service is a necessity since nurses are handling lives. The Philippines is known to produce more nursing graduates, and have more nursing schools, compared to any other country in the world. From 17 schools during the period 1907 to 1950 that produced 7,286 registered nurses, the country in 1999, had 186 nursing schools (Opiniano, 2002) with the combined capability to produce over 20,000 RNs a year, according to the UP Manila Journal (January-March 2000 issue; Corcega et al).According to this research, a huge difference in number of nursing schools is seen thus producing huge number of nurses per year. As previously mentioned, when Nursing became an in demand profession, people in the business community also saw an opportunity to establish nursing schools due to the increasing number of students who want to earn a degree in nursing. However, not all of these nursing schools provide the quality education needed in nursing. As a result, Nursing graduates from these schools get a lower probability to be empl oyed.While there are many nursing graduates, the success rate of the PRC nursing board exams has significantly decreased for the last 10 years (48% passing rate). In view of this, the Philippine Nurses Association (PNA) reiterated the need to focus on quality nursing education instead of commercializing the profession. In relation to the CHED’s order of closing incompetent schools, the remaining school should also implement policies that are stricter in order to screen deserving student nurses, particularly in their training of becoming the future nurses.Nursing schools should set standards for the students to meet for them to be proficient nurses. Career decision making is a dynamic and ongoing process where your knowledge of self, your values, interests, temperament, financial needs, physical work requirements or limitations, etc. , the effects of past experiences, new information, and changes in your life situation and environment all intertwine. Each career decision is li mited by what you are capable of now or in the future, by your ability to identify alternatives, and by what you are willing to do.Taking up nursing, and deciding to make it as a future career is a great risk because nurses don’t handle any material things, they are handling lives. Some of the reasons why students choose nursing are: forced by parents, a misconception of sure ticket to United States, and lastly, to follow the trend. Choosing one’s future career is no joke. So, right decision-making should be taken into consideration for a more secured future. People should know one’s strengths and weaknesses to serve as throttlehold for the next chapters in life.The Philippines continually produce more nurses than what the country needs, even more than the country can support. With all the current news regarding the decline in nursing demand and the continued increase of the number of unemployed and underemployed nursing graduates, if this condition is not prope rly controlled, this rate of unemployment/underemployment would, also, continue to persist. Not only does this count as a waste of time and money but the future of these students and the indirect effect to the country’s economy, isn’t beneficial at all.It would also be considered as a waste of time for students and parents alike who were poorly compensated for their efforts to create a better future for their children. Now the big question is: What will become of these students who are currently affected by the decreased demand for nurses? Along with the currently unemployed, they would probably find themselves competing for high-pay jobs with other numerous unemployed nurses. Tough times are in store for future students after graduation, putting even more strain on the employment sector as it tries diligently to find employment for students.Unless the government pays more attention to this concern and investigate and strictly implement the standards on each of the Nur sing schools in the Philippines, only incompetent nurses would be produced, adding up to the growing number of unemployed nurses and graduates who are currently confronted with country’s grim unemployment and underemployment status.References Bateman, J. M. , & Spruill, D. A. (1996). Student decision making: Insights from the college choice process. College Student Journal, 30, 182-186. Blanche, Julie. (2010, March 9). 10 reasons a nursing degree is a good bet in education today. Retrieved on September 4, 2010 from http://www. nurses-forum. com/blog/246/10-reasons-a-nursing-degree-is-a-good-bet-in-education-today/ Chrisholm, M. , French B. et al. (2010). Safety concerns of hospital-based new-to-practice registered nurses and their preceptors. The Journal of Continuing Education in Nursing, 41 (4), 163-171. Daly, M. , Byers, E. , & Taylor, W. (2004). Early years management in practice: A Handbook for early years managers. (pp. 69-70). Oxford: Heinemann Educational Publ ishers. Danna, D. , Jones, J. , Schaubhut, R. (2010). From practice to

Autonomy Essays

Autonomy Essays Autonomy Essay Autonomy Essay In Canadian history, as Canada changing state, including economic and population growth, the twentieth century was the climax for the Canadians. Bravely, autonomy was rewarded to the Canadians in many different levels. Canada, now, made itself as one of the middle power in the world. The 3 major events during this era that gradually helped Canada drift apart from Great Britain are the King-Byng Crisis, the Statue of Westminster , and the creation of the Canadian National Flag. In 1926, the King-Byng Crisis made a huge difference for Canada independence. When King became Prime Minister, he wants to take the independence to a higher level. King refused to support Britainâ„ ¢s plan to invade Turkey and publicly challenged Britain over its influence on Canadaâ„ ¢s internal politics, which became the King-Byng Crisis. The Conservatives called for a motion of censure against Kingâ„ ¢s government, which meant that if itâ„ ¢s successfully passed on, King would no longer be Prime Minister and is required to resign from his position. It came to that King asked Governor General Byng if he can call an election, but King got rejected. King quoted that once heâ„ ¢s back in power; got his position again, he would strip certain powers away from the Governor General, in this case Byng. After the event, Canada can freely pass down laws and bills as they wish to without any interruption and refusal by the Governor General. King said about Byng, It is a complet e control by an individual. It shows how the governor general was like before the King-Byng Crisis and how he uses power for control. The Statue of Westminster was another road to freedom in Canada. The statue erased laws, that restricted Canadaâ„ ¢s Independence, which now Canada have the freedom apart from Britain, another step of success. The outcome of this, Canada did not have to follow the laws under Britain. The statue helped Canada because of removing binding acts and gave opportunities for Canada to make their own laws for themselves, which they donâ„ ¢t have to follow any other laws of Britain and the UK. Canada is noticed as an independent country worldwide in 1965 when they created their own flag. The Union Jack, which was their old flag before they have the Canadian Maple flag, was bonded tightly with the UK making them not dependent, but when the Maple flag appeared, the bond is no longer existed and Canada can now be able to represent their flag. They also can represent their flag in international events, like the Olympics. Now with the Maple flag soaring in the sky, it shows independence from England and shows how great of a step they made to become independent. Canada now got respect and is no longer trouble by any other countries. Throughout the twentieth century, Canada had grown significantly and showed with pride. Autonomy was shown greatly throughout the events of the King-Byng Crisis, the Canadian Maple flag and the Statue of Westminster. Canada should have been rewarded by something useful for them, like money or a remembrance, but to be independent is more than enough to ask for.

Rape In America

Rape In America Free Online Research Papers In today’s society where crimes are committed daily, one of the most troubling things to deal with is the response by police officer, and what their job Intel’s. When a person looks at law enforcement from the civilian standpoint their job seem simple, which might be the reason for comments like â€Å"if you want to find a cop go to Krispy Kreme donut shop’. However after looking at the job of first responding officers to serious related crimes, like rape, murders and first degree burglaries, it is easy to realize their job is complicated. For example, if I was a police officer responding to a report of a sexual assault, the work I would need to put in to the investigation would be enormous. First of all, I would receive a radio call telling me to respond to a certain address reference a sexual assault. I would respond back to the dispatch repeating the address to insure I was going to the right place. Then once the address was confirmed I would ask for a point of contact. The reason for a point of contact it gives you as the officer a person meet on the scene hopefully to talk to other than the victim. However if there is not a third party, and the person you are looking for is the victim it tells you also who you need to talk too. Once you arrive at the scene, this is where all your training comes in to play. If you were a New York City police officer the policy states the first thing they would do is secure the crime scene. However, in the text book for criminal investigations it states that the officer must m ake contact with the victim and offer medical attention. On the other hand, Garner police officer Robert Jones says† they first thing his department does is make sure the assailant is gone. If he is there, because he might be a husband or family member, they would place the subject in hand irons for protection. The next thing I would do as an officer is make contact with the victim and get her name. I would reassure her everything would be alright, and then I would go into evidence protection and gathering mode. If the dispatch had not already dispatched a SOIT (Sexual offense investigation team) to the site I would call for one. Then I would instruct the victim not to remove any clothes or items off their body, because she was our best source of evidence. I would set up a perimeter to the residence, or the area where the assault took place. The reason I would do this is to protect evidence in the crime scene so that it could not be contaminated. Also because many times accord ing to law man’s today magazine crimes scenes are destroyed by poor police work. Meanwhile, I would be interviewing the victim a to get information out of her, so I could put out a description of the suspect, and maybe catch him quickly. Even though women’s daily states that 70 percent of rapes are performed by suspects the victim knows. I would be gathering field notes and drawing diagrams until the forensic team arrives. Once they arrive I would annotate the time they got their and log them into the crime scene to take pictures. All the while I would be trying to get names of as many people involved until the crime scene is taken over by officer supporting the investigation. When the Emergency Medical unit arrives I would have them briefed of the crime and what procedures the hospital should be aware of. Since I am the first responder sometimes females draw a quick bond to the first officer responding, however if she doesn’t I would have a member of the SOIT brief her on what we needed to process this case. Which was a rape kit? The rape kit is the most important part of an investigation of a rape case. It is the process according to Donnie Harrison, the current Wake County Sherriff that can make or break a police investigation. In this process the medical doctors collects valuable information like suspect’s seamen and hairs that can possibly be matched to DNA. Another area I would focus on is the most important in evidence gathering and collection. It would be the chain of custody. Every piece of evidence gathered at the scene would be marked for evidence and stored in the appropriate storage container. You would not want to mix evidence from different location because you might jeopardize the validity of the evidence by cross contamination. In reference the chain of custody is so important is how evidence is tracked, and if the chain is busted then once again the validity of the evidence can be challenged. We all know what a good attorney can do to questionable evidence just look at O.J. Simpson murder trial. Now if a suspect is captured at the crime scene another scenario takes places. Other than investigating the crime sometimes the responding officer is responsible for the initial interrogation. In the local police dept. near where I live that is left to the detectives or the state bureau of investigations. However if I am the person i nterrogating the suspect I would wait till I got to the police station and put the person in a closed room with no two way mirrors. Also I would remove any distractions and I would try to build a report with the suspect. Sometimes a good relationship is all they need, because most of them want to confess anyway it’s like a badge to them. If a suspect was apprehended I would make sure that their Miranda rights was read to them and all my† I† s were dotted and my tees crossed. A lot of times when a person such as a street cop or a detective is handling a serious crime scene after all the flash of responding is gone there is a lot of work is done. The type of work that doesn’t get a lot of popularity or front line newspaper responses, but is important in the process of solving the case. A lot of cases are overturned because of people not following crime scene protocol. In the text book criminal investigation gives standard and different patterns of how searches and seizures should be conducted. Yet the state of North Carolina capital police says it employs its own standard operating procedure. The reason for this is that the book has a general outlook, but the sop takes in to account things like obstacles, police safety, and public safety. Also preservation of evidence may be hard to save if weather condition doesn’t permit, like foot prints on pavement. Therefore they might have to take pictures and dental stone is not feasible. In all regard s the book is the highest standard officers are taught to attempt to achieve and SOP is the allowable deviations that approved to be made. Bibliography 1). Bennett, Wayne, Hess, Karen. (1999). Criminal Investigation 5th Edition. New York. An International Thomson Publishing Company. 2) Compendium. 2nd edition. Washington DC Congressional Quarterly Inc. Research Papers on Rape In AmericaHonest Iagos Truth through Deception19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationThe Fifth HorsemanThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseWhere Wild and West MeetInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesResearch Process Part OneEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever Product

Mart -to- Market Accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Mart -to- Market Accounting - Essay Example Thus all the assets and liabilities recorded on the balance sheet of the firm are recorded at their cost value and are further adjusted by the value of the depreciation or any impairment. However, as the overall complexity of the assets and liabilities increased, it became evident that that the values of these assets and liabilities can also vary due to the changes in their market values. A substantial decline in the value of the asset can actually erode the profitability of the firm and as such if their values are not recorded properly, they may give a different picture to the investor than the actual. It is in this perspective that the role of mark to market accounting emerges wherein the values of the assets are periodically recorded at their market value and all gains or losses are subsequently adjusted in the profit and loss account of the firm. (Schuetze and Wolnizer). During current financial crisis, mark to market accounting played critical role because due to reduction in the values of the assets, firms were forced to record them at lower level thus they booked substantial losses. 3) It may be prudent to relax this idea during the time of crisis because if the overall risk return characteristics of the assets remain same during the crisis, they should not be written down to their market

Nike advertisement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Nike advertisement - Essay Example The advert persuades the viewers to buy the Mercurial vapors and its target is an audience of soccer players.   The music that is set to a slow beat and the calm blue background of the advert gives a viewer a peaceful state when watching the advert. The cleats are outstanding in the entire advert since they are bright orange in color. The outstanding color of the cleats is meant to excite the viewer. People will want to buy the cleats so that they can impress other with a powerful shot. The producer of the advert highly uses ethos successfully through use of the best player to show his weapon of choice, the Nike boots. Ethos means being able to convince through the character of the author. It is obvious that people believe those they respect more than anybody else. Use of somebody who is likeable and worth a lot of respect is a positive move for any advertisement. Christian Ronaldo is a product of effectiveness of the cleats. A viewer who sees his success in the field and links it to the boots will definitely purchase a pair.   Individuals will want to purchase the cleats to emulate his skill.   The unrealistic expectation makes individuals think that if they purchase cleats they can be able to play the same way as Christian Ronaldo plays. The use of the fastest car to compare with the best player makes the viewer get interested in finding out more about the advertisement.The author also makes an appeal to pathos in the advertisement. Pathos involves persuading the reader by appealing to their emotions.